20th International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment May 20-21, 2021 Amsterdam, Netherlands

Environmental toxicology is a interdisciplinary field of science bothered with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms Ecotoxicology  is a sub discipline of environmental toxicology bothered with studying the harmful effects of toxicants at the population and ecosystem levels. Organisms can be exposed to distinct kinds of toxicants at any life cycle stage, some of which are more sensitive than others. Toxicity also can vary with the organism's placement within its food cycle. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism cache toxicants in fatty tissues, which may eventually establish a trophic cascade and the bio magnification of specific toxicants The result of a chemical or other substance at various applications on various species.

The clinical effects of environmental toxicants  on living organisms through collecting and evaluating and identifying the scientific data and the ways of recognition and diagnosis. Human and health toxicology explains about the adverse effects caused to the body by xenobiotic substances. Xenobiotic substance contains a huge range of disciplines such as Organ systems toxicity, lung toxicology etc,.

Various pharmaceutical drugs which effect drastic poisonings, emergencies such as accidental poisonings, suicidal attempts. are studied under human toxicology. Several analytical toxicological principles are implemented in this Techniques like gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography different kinds of extractions are employed for these studies. Health Toxicology deals with the identification of potential health hazards related to the exposure to different chemicals and biological agents, their identification, assessment and steps to curtail them. It’s the toxicological science which deals with the structure function relationship, human and health ways of the chemicals such as PCBs etc. Other draw up elements in human nutrition and health are also evaluated.

Global warming is that the temperature of surface, oceans and atmosphere rising over tens to thousands of years. Global warming is awaited to be a far-reaching, long-lasting and in several cases, devastating consequences for planet Earth. Global, the moderate heat of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere, is caused by human undertaking, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Already, heating has a measurable effect on the earth. The average surface temperature of Earth is maintained by a balance of varied sorts of solar and terrestrial radiation. Animals are changing relocation patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity, like trees budding their leaves earlier within the spring and dropping them later within the fall, Josef Warne, a professor of geology and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science..

Organic  pollutants  include  numerous  insecticides  and  herbicides  that  have  been used in agriculture and pest control. Di-chloride-Di-phenol-polyurethane (DDT) is a pesticide, highly effective in controlling mosquito .Organic pollutants is a biodegradable contaminants in an environment.

Inorganic components are things found naturally but because of human production of goods have been altered to drastically increase the amount of them in the environment. Inorganic compounds comprise most of the crust, although the compositions of the deep mantle remain active areas of investigation.

Pesticides   are substances   which   are    meant    for    controlling     pests.    Pesticides   are   classified   on   the   basis   of biological    mechanism function  or    application   method.   The term pesticide includes all     of     the     following:    herbicide,    insecticides           (which   may   include   insect   growth    regulators,   termiticide   ,etc.)  nematicide, molluscicide,     piscicide,    avicide,  rodenticide,   bactericide,    insect   repellent   ,    animal      repellent      and    fungicide    Pesticides     also    plays    a   crucial  role   as    a substance that   is used to modify   a    plant's   growth  (regulator),  drop   a    plant's    leaves    prematurely   (defoliant),  or act   as   a  drying   agent  (desiccant).

Biological    agents   mainly  includes   bacteria,  viruses,  fungi,  other   microorganisms   and   their   correlated  toxins .biological  agents  have a ubiquitous presence  in  the  environment  and  are  found  in  many  sectors. Biological  agents  can  cause  a wide range of adverse  health effects ,which include  :infections  caused by parasites, viruses, fungi or bacteria; allergies, and as well as chronic respiratory symptoms  activated  by exposure   to  mould and organic dusts like  flour dust, animal dander, enzymes and mites. Biological agents mainly   include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their correlated toxins. They have an ability to effect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild, allergic reactions to serious  medical  conditions even death

Pharmacology is the structured   study of drug actions on biological systems. It is the study of the interactions between an active organism and drugs. Suppose substances are   having therapeutic properties, they are studied as drugs. Pharmacology   deals   with   the study of drugs. In detail, it mainly studies with   the   properties of drugs, their action, interactions between drug particles and their target sites, the mechanisms by which they elicit pharmacological action. Pharmacological studies range from the effects of chemical agents upon subcellular mechanisms, to those that deal with the potential hazards of pesticides and herbicides, to those that focus on the treatment of major diseases by drug therapy

Toxicology is the study of death-dealing and harmful substances. Toxicity examining permits us to identify the toxicity of chemicals we use and gives information about the potency of their effects. As well as being faithful for industrial chemicals this is also faith of pharmaceuticals and the natural products formed by plants, bacteria and fungi. Signifying  anyhow a chemical can cause cancer, allergic reactions or abnormalities in unborn children is important to human health, and the process of discovering this information is known as assessment of hazard. This process is different from assessing risk which controls  whether it is likely to actually cause problem in a given situation.

Medical  toxicology  is  a  confine of  medicine  concentrating on  toxicology  and  providing the  diagnosis,  management,  and   prevention   of   poisoning   and   other   adverse effects   due  to  medications,  occupational  and  environmental  toxicants, and  biological agents. Medical  toxicologists are tangled   in  the  evaluation and   treatment  of  a   wide variety  of  problems,  including  acute  or  chronic  poisoning,   adverse  drug   reactions (ADRs), drug overdoses, envenomation, substance  abuse, industrial accidents, and other chemical exposures. Medical toxicology is formally recognized as a medical confine by the American Board of Medical Specialties. Its professionals are physicians, whose main specialization is generally in emergency medicine, occupational medicine, or Pediatrics. Medical toxicology is intimately related to clinical toxicology, with the final discipline encompassing non-physicians as well (generally pharmacists or scientists).

Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic sequel  of certain metals in definite forms and doses on life. Few metals are toxic when they form harmful   soluble compounds. Précised metals have no biological role, like not essential minerals, or  are toxic when in a certain form. In this instance of  lead, any measurable amount shall have negative health effects. Often heavy metals are thought as synonymous, but lighter metals may also be toxic in certain situations  ,such as beryllium and lithium. Most essentially, iron is toxic heavy metal.
 

Computational  toxicology  is  a  systematic  approach  that  can  model  a  contaminant's effect  on  gene expression;   that  is,  how  the  contaminant  exposure   will  affect   cellular  behavior   and    signalling, including   protein    synthesis  i.e., proteomics  and   metabolic changes   can be looked in   applications   of    metabolites   in   tissues   and    bio fluids i.e.,   metabolomics. These   advances   were   impossible  without   the  emergence   of   bioinformatics    and   computational    chemistry    and   the   opportunities   they  provide for transforming  data   into  information.  In  specific,   computational   toxicology   would  produce   risk assessments   on  basis   of  specific   molecular   changes   rather   than   just   the   number  of   tumors, deaths,  and  over  the   clinical   changes  are  noticed  in   test  animals.

Pollution  of  Aquatic systems  (For Example:  lakes,  rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater)  by  large amounts  of  waste  material  that  modify  the  water  in  negative fashion  is  termed  as  Aquatic  Pollution. This  type  of  ecological  poverty occurs when  harmful  pollutants  are  into  aquatic  systems  discharged  either directly  or  indirectly    without removal of harmful compounds. Aquatic pollution  rightly leads to suffering of organisms   and   vegetation   that   survive  in water ,as well as   amphibians. The   initial source  of  Aquatic  pollution   mainly  consists of Industrial  waste, Mining  activities, Sewage  and waste water, Marine dumping, Burning of fossil fuels, Accidental Oil leakage, Global warming,  Atmospheric  deposition, Urban  development   etc.

Toxic dynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects A biological  target, also known as the site of action, can be necessary proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant go in for an organism, it can linkup with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The appliance of action of the toxicant, asset on by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level. Toxicants have been bought together as stated to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure- activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. Endocrine interrupt chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or stop correspondence activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones.

Animal  testing  for   toxicity is a portion  of   the non-clinical  laboratory for   testing  about the  drugs. It  is  the  perfect   method  to  successfully  predict the toxic effects of drugs on human beings. Many alternatives   have evolved   for   animal testing now. To one side   from   animal   testing   also  includes Emerging in vitro   models: These are based on human  cell  and tissue cultures  computerized  patient-drug databases and virtual drug trials  computer  models  and  simulations  methods like stem cell and genetic testing methods non-invasive imaging techniques such as  MRIs and  CT Scans micro dosing-a technique in which humans  are given very low quantities of a drug to test the effects in cellular level on the body without affecting the whole-body  system). with in the living  imaging is a process in which living animals are visualized. This technique is mainly intended for drug   development. With in  the living  imaging  helps  in observing differs in the biological systems at different levels of organization.

Biodegradation  is the failure of  organic matter  by  microorganisms, such as  bacteria  and  fungi. The process of biodegradation can be divided into three stages: bio deterioration, bio fragmentation, and assimilation. Bio deterioration is sometimes described as a surface-level degradation that modifies the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the material. This stage occurs whenever the material is revealed to abiotic factors in the outdoor environment and allows for  further degradation by making the material's structure weak. Some abiotic element that influence these initial changes are compression i.e. ,mechanical,   light,  temperature and  chemicals  in  the  environment.

Industrial toxicology is the study of dangerous effects of chemicals used in the workplace, the products produced by companies, and the wastes created during manufacturing on human beings and other living beings. Industries such as the pharmaceutical and pesticide industries should conduct many studies and experiments to demonstrate the safety of the chemicals and wastes they develop. Few effects of industrial Toxicology include product development toxicology biochemical and molecular toxicology, chemical toxicology, heavy metals toxicity and acute zinc and iron  toxicity.

• Heavy metal Toxicity
• Trace element toxicity
• Product development toxicology
• Invitro toxicity testing
• Mutagenesis

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An ecological risk assessment is the process for evaluating how likely it is that the environment may be influenced as a result of revelation to one or more environmental stressors like chemicals, land change, disease, invasive species and climate change. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) aims to evaluate the effects of stressors, generally chemicals, on the specific environment. A risk is an integrated evaluation of likelihood and severity of an unsought event. In ERA, the unsought   event often depends on the chemical of interest and on the risk assessment scenario.

Seeking Environmental Protection .All pesticides should be reviewed before the products are registered for sale to ensure that the benefits will outweigh the risks. Seeking for the products that will have lack of an impact on the environment. Initially the protection comes from us to avoid harm because we are the main source of all the toxins. Can even be necessary to observe the physiological and biochemical responses of organisms following exposure to a pollutant, which may reflect a toxic effect.

• Protecting birds, animals, and rare plants.
• Proper waste disposal.
• Ecotoxicology and policy must be consolidated if the environment is to be safeguarded.