17^th International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment September 24-25, 2018 Chicago, Illinois, USA

Ecotoxicology is the study of contaminants in the environment and their effects on constituents of the environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from knowledge and techniques in the fields of ecology and toxicology to study the effects of toxic chemical or biological agents on biological organisms at the population, community or ecosystem level. It is distinguished from toxicology because it focuses on the impacts of chemicals on ecological groupings of organisms rather than on individuals; i.e. on populations, communities and ecosystems. Contaminant chemical form, phase association and movement among components of the biosphere are central issues in ecotoxicology.

Occupational toxicology is concerned with the harmful effects of agents that may be encountered by workers during the course of their employment. The harmful effects may be in the workers themselves, or in experimental animals, or other test systems used to define and/or understand the toxicity of the agent of interest. The term ‘occupational’ is used in preference to ‘industrial’ because the latter may have the connotation of chemical exposure in factories; this would not necessarily include work such as farming, with potential exposure to pesticides or office work, with issues such as photocopiers in enclosed spaces.

Global warming is refers to a drastic change in climate due to increase in the temperature of the Earth's aerosphere. The increased quantities of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases spread by the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, land clearing and other human activities are believed to be the primary sources of the global warming. Global warming may cause rise in sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as a growth in happening and severity of storms and other severe weather events.

Food toxicology is based on the analysis and toxic effects of bioactive substances as they occur in foods. Food toxicology is an individual field that evaluates the effects of constituents of the complex chemical matrix of the diet on the activities of toxic agents that may be natural endogenous products or may be introduced from contaminating organisms or from food production, processing, and preparation. Food toxicology is gains vital attention as food supply chain is becoming more worldwide in origin and any contamination or toxic manifestation may cause severe adverse health effects.

Environmental science is a field that deals with the investigation of connection between human systems and natural systems. Natural systems include the earth itself and life. Human systems are basically the populations of the earth. Sciences utilized as a part of environmental science incorporate topography, zoology, material science, biology, oceanology and geography. Ecological science additionally subdivides into environmental studies and environmental engineering. It offers combined and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental problems.

Pollution is a distinct example of environment devastation; it is chemical damage rather than the more apparent physical damage. Contaminants which are the components of pollution can be either external bodies/energies or naturally happening contaminants. It has a dangerous effect on the natural world and on the activities of living beings. Deforestation and harmful gaseous emissions also hints to environmental pollution.

Environmental chemistry refers to the chemical procedures that occur in terrestrial, air, water and living environments and the consequence of human activity on them. It is a multidisciplinary field with topics astrochemistry, environmental modelling, marine chemistry, geochemistry, atmospheric chemistry and pollution remediation. Environmental chemists observe the source and range of pollution and they initiate sustainability, conservation and protection.

Environmental monitoring is intended to assist us to learn the natural atmosphere and defend it from any undesirable outcomes of human activity. The process is a vital part of environmental effect assessments and consequences can directly define whether or not projects are given the all clear. Environmental monitoring assessments can include establishing baseline quality, uncovering environmental trends, categorizing any deviations, determining the success of projects and approving whether or not ecological goals have been met.

Environmental education may best be referred as a route focused at building awareness and understanding about environmental issues that leads to responsible individual and group actions. Effective environmental education concentrates on process that encourages critical thinking, problem solving and decision-making skills. Environmental education uses methods that involve students in detecting, assessing, categorizing, investigating and other data collecting techniques. These routes help students in debating, concluding, forecasting and understanding data about environmental issues.

Risk Assessment refers to characterizing the nature and extent of health hazards to individuals and biological receptors from chemical pollutants and other stressors that may be present in the atmosphere. Risk assessor estimates the occurrence and extent of human and ecological exposures that may happen as a result of contact with the tainted medium. This assessment of exposure is then united with information on the intrinsic toxicity of the chemical to predict the possibility, nature and magnitude of the antagonistic health effects that may occur. 

Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) is a hypernym for the laws, rules, guidance and routes intended to care workforces, the public and the environment from harm. In the workstation, the accountabilities for planning and applying suitable procedures is often allocated to a particular department, often called the "HSE" department which is responsible for environmental safety, occupational health and safety at workstation. HSE management has two general objectives: prevention of accidents that might effect from irregular operational circumstances and decrease of dangerous effects that result from normal operating conditions.

Waste management is the precise name for the gathering, transportation, disposal or recycling and monitoring of waste. This term is given to the material, waste material that is produced through human being activity. This material is managed to avoid its harmful effect over human health and environment. Most of the time, waste is managed to get resources from it. The waste to be managed contains all forms of matter i.e. gaseous, liquid, solid and radioactive matter. The technique for the management of waste may differ for developed and developing nations. For urban and rural populations, industrial and residential zones it does differ as well. The management of waste in metropolitan and rural areas is general responsibility of the native government. While the waste that is produced by the industries is managed by the industry itself, in case it is non-hazardous.

Aquatic toxicology is the investigation of the impacts of made chemicals and other anthropogenic and natural materials and undertakings on oceanic living beings at different levels of association, from subcellular through individual living beings to groups and ecosystems. This field of study incorporates freshwater, marine water and sediment environments. Oceanic toxicologists think about unfriendly impacts at various spatial, temporal, and organizational scales. Since aquatic systems contain a great many animal categories, each of these species can react to toxicants from numerous points of view, and collaborations between these species can be influenced.

Medical Toxicology refers to study of nature, impacts, and detection of poisons (toxins) and the treatment of poisoning. Vital areas of medical toxicology include acute drug poisoning; adverse drug events; drug abuse, addiction, and withdrawal; chemicals and hazardous materials; venomous bites and stings; and environmental and working environment exposures. Medical toxicologists evaluate and treat poisoning and substance abuse. 

Human toxicology discusses about the mechanisms/modes of toxicity that deals with the safety assessment of new chemical, biotechnologically-derived products for human health assessment including statistical and mechanism-based approaches. It’s the toxicological science which mentions to the structure-function relationship, human and health sways of the chemicals such as PCBs etc. It comprises of varied ranges of disciplines such as Organ systems toxicity, lung toxicology.

Toxicology studies are frequently required by regulatory agencies to state the adverse effects of a chemical product and to guarantee that it meets the standards for safety that the agency prescribes. Regulatory toxicologists impart guidance and recommendations to risk assessors, risk managers, and policy makers on matters associated to human health risks from chemical and pharmaceutical substances. Regulatory toxicology comprises the study of toxicity profile that is compared with other known toxicants. They then establish standards for allowable limits that are consistent with other agents and with similar effects. Regulatory toxicology works as the major centre for laws that limit exposures for people and environment.

Environmental technology is the combination of some of the fields environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to observe, model and protect the natural environment and assets and to control the negative effects of human involvement. The term is also used to define sustainable energy generation technologies such as bioreactors, wind turbines, photovoltaics, etc. Sustainable development is the basic of environmental technologies. The environmental technologies are used to define a class of electronic devices that can help sustainable management of assets.