5th International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment September 12-13, 2016 Phoenix,USA

Raquel Amigo Moreno is a Chemical Engineer, Auditor of Quality Systems, Master in Statistics and Optimization, Master in Bioethics, Master in Bio-banks for Biomedical Research and Master in Health Management. Presently she is a Coordinator for the Biobanco La Fe (Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain). Her work consisted of starting-up and authorization of the bio-bank, its management and legal compliance, establishment of technical protocols, processing of biological samples, certification (ISO 9001:2008), cost optimization, engineering processes, control and monitoring of indicators, etc. She participates in several working groups of the Bio-banks National Platform. She is the Member of ESBB in 2012 and Member of IChemE.

The senses are the physiological mechanism of perception. Taste and smell are known as “chemical senses” because they perceive chemical substances. Mammals have sensory receptors which receive chemical stimulus from the environment activated by specific molecules. These receptors are known as chemoreceptors and belong to GPCR trans-membrane group (G-protein coupled receptors). An odoriferous compound is able to activate several receptors’ types and each receptor can be activated by various compounds. In case that each smell activated a different receptor, we would obtain 350 smell’s dimensions at most. This large number of receptors suggests that the olfactory perception space is highly dimensional. It is difficult to determine the dimensions of smell, but there are studies that suggest between 20-30 dimensions. Some authors have pointed out a possible relationship between toxicity and olfactory perception. Studies with newborns suggest that the perception of pleasant odors may be innate. A multivariate analysis carried out to a comprehensive database of numeric odor profiles found that the first principal component could be interpreted as the hedonic dimension (i.e., rejection vs. acceptance). The second component was related to the toxicity of odorants. The present work has studied the relationship between olfactory perception and toxicity using the Atlas of Dravnieks according to Haddad theory. Different statistical methods were applied such as PCA, PLS regression (Partial Least Squares) and MLR (Multiple Lineal Regression). It was found that fruity smell substances are less toxic, while burnt smells tend to be more toxic. These results are consistent with an evolutionary interpretation

Javier del Pino has received his PharmD degree at the University Complutense, University of Madrid in 2004. He has two Master degrees in Sciences in 2009 and 2010. He has specialized in neurotoxicology and neurodevelopmental toxicology and received his PhD in Toxicology in 2009. In 2010 he has worked in Institute of Health Carlos III in the National Center of Environmental Health. From 2010 to 2012 he was an Associate Researcher at University of Massachusetts (UMASS) working in Sandra Petersen’s Lab in a National Institute of Health (NIH) project on developmental effects of TCDD endocrine disruptor on sexual differentiation. In 2012 he became an Assistant Professor of Toxicology at the Complutense University of Madrid.

Formamidines pesticides have been described to induce permanent effects on the development of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems. The mechanisms that induce these effects are not known but it has been suggested that these effects could be related to monoamino oxidase (MAO) inhibition. Chlordimeform is a formamidine pesticide, which is a very weak inhibitor of MAO although it has been described to induce permanent and sex dependent alterations of serotoninergic system. In order to confirm that formamidines induce permanent alterations of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems regardless of MAO inhibition, the effects of maternal exposure to chlordimeform (5 mg/kg bw, orally) on brain region dopamine and noradrenaline levels of male and female offspring rats at 60 days of age were evaluated. The results showed that chlordimeform induced a significant decrease of noradrenaline levels in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, showing an interaction by sex for these regions. Chlordimeform also caused a decrease of MHPG and HVA metabolites levels in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Lastly, it decreased the turnover of NA in frontal cortex and striatum. The present findings indicate that maternal exposure to chlordimeform altered noradrenergic neurochemistry in their offspring in a region and sex dependent way, and those variations confirm that other mechanisms different from MAO inhibition are implicated.