5th International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment September 12-13, 2016 Phoenix,USA

Risk assessment mainly deals with identification of hazards, analyzing and evaluating the risks associated. The appropriate ways to curb or to control the hazards is also studied. The General Approaches to Risk assessment involves techniques help in creating awareness regarding the different potential hazards, identifying the people who pose the major risk due to the biohazards; formulate the control measures and prioritizing the hazards and control measures. The methods of hazard control can be mainly categorized under Elimination which also includes substitution, Environmental Engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. Risk Assessment involves a lot of documentation such as hazard review, risks associated with the hazards, control measures implemented accordingly.

The environmental toxins which cause the most problems are pesticides, solvents and heavy metals. The primary damage caused by the solvents and major pesticide classes is to disrupt neurological function. In addition to being neurotoxic, these compounds are profoundly immunotoxic and are often toxic to the endocrine system as well. Heavy metal toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. 

Ecotoxicology is the environmental science sub-discipline that melds the fields of ecology and toxicology. Major issues addressed by ecotoxicological studies include chemical substance transport (that is, their movement in the environment), fate (for example, biotransformation), and effects (examples include lethality, endocrine disruption and bioaccumulation) within ecological systems. Biomonitoring is an important tool in ecotoxicology for humans as well as wildlife.

Environmental  chemistry  treaties  with the study of the origin, transport, reactions, effects and fates of chemical species in the environment. These impacts may be felt on a native scale, through the presence of urban air toxins or toxic substances arising from an organic waste site, or on a global scale, through depletion of stratospheric ozone or global warming. The emphasis in our courses and research actions is upon developing a major understanding of the nature of these chemical methods, so that mankind's activities can be precisely evaluated.

Environmental science is the arena of science that studies the interactions of the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment and also the relationships and effects of these components with the organisms in the environment. The field of environmental science can be separated into three main goals, which are to learn how the natural world works, to understand how we as creatures interact with the environment, and also to determine how we affect the environment. The third aim of determining how humans affect the environment also includes finding ways to deal with these effects on the environment.Pollutants ranging from simple inorganic ions to complex organic molecules. The water pollutants are all divided up into various classes. Every class of pollutants has its own specific ways of entering the environment and its own specific dangers. All classes have major pollutants in it that are known to many people, because of the various health effects.

Stressors that are found in our surroundings are called environmental stressors. Four types of Environmental Stressors have been identified. They are Cataclysmic events, Stressful life events, Daily Hassles and Ambient Stressors. Cataclysmic events are sudden catastrophic events affects whole communities of people. Stressful life events are major incidents in the lives of the people that typically require personal or social adaptive response.

Environmental health states all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related issues impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and regulator of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is directed towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition ignores behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and communal environment, and genetics.

Regulatory Toxicology encompasses the collection, processing and evaluation of epidemiological as well as experimental toxicology data to permit toxicologically based decisions directed towards the protection of health against harmful effects of chemical substances. Furthermore, Regulatory Toxicology supports the development of standard protocols and new testing methods in order to continuously improve the scientific basis for decision-making processes.

Toxicity of chemicals in water can be tested with aquatic animals as indicators. Toxicity tests with aquatic animals are mainly concerned with direct uptake from water. The chemicals may be in solution, in suspension or both. Aquatic organisms have played important roles as early warning and monitoring systems for pollutant burdens in our environment. However, they have significant potential to do even more, just as they have in basic biology where preparations like the squid axon have been essential tools in establishing physiological and biochemical mechanisms. 

In most developed countries, domestic waste disposal is funded from a national or local tax which may be related to income, or notional house value. Commercial and industrial waste disposal is typically charged for as a commercial service, often as an integrated charge which includes disposal costs. This practice may encourage disposal contractors to opt for the cheapest disposal option such as landfill rather than the environmentally best solution such as re-use and recycling. In some areas such as Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate.

Environmental safety is the preparation of policies and procedures that ensure that a surrounding environment, including work areas, laboratories or services, is free of dangers that could cause harm to a person working in those areas. A safe place to work is the vital element of environmental safety.