We are delighted to welcome you at the ‘International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment’ on “Unwinding Better Practices to Counteract Environmental Toxicity” by ConferenceSeries Ltd to be held in Phoenix,USA during September 12-13, 2016.

Environmental Toxicology is highly interdisciplinary fields encompassing several fields like Environmental Biochemistry, physiology, ecology, microbiology, molecular genetics, genomics etc., Main analyses are made by conducting several lab works and field environment i.e., exposure and risk assessment. The Conference embraces several parameters of Environmental Toxicology Conference and Ecological Risk Assessment works. It depends upon factors such as modeling of fate and transport of toxicants.

Environmental Toxicity

The environmental toxins which cause the most problems are pesticides, solvents and heavy metals. The primary damage caused by the solvents and major pesticide classes is to disrupt neurological function. In addition to being neurotoxic, these compounds are profoundly immunotoxic and are often toxic to the endocrine system as well. Heavy metal toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. Insecticides such as DDT's are very dangerous because they accumulate in fat tissues of lower animals and then enter the food chains. They have been restricted for decades. PCB's are stable and unreactive fluids that are used as hydraulic fluids, coolant/ insulation fluids in transformers and plasticizers in paints. There are many different PCB's. None of them are water-soluble. In many countries PCB's are restricted due to Environmental Toxicology USA.

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Ecotoxicology

Ecotoxicology is the environmental science sub-discipline that melds the fields of ecology and fields of toxicology. Major issues addressed by ecotoxicological studies include chemical substance transport (that is, their movement in the environment), fate (for example, biotransformation), and effects (examples include lethality, endocrine disruption and bioaccumulation) within ecological systems. Biomonitoring is an important tool in ecotoxicology for humans as well as wildlife. Ecology is the study of environmental systems, or as it is sometimes called, the economy of nature. "Environmental" usually means relating to the natural versus human-made world; the "systems" means that ecology is, by its very nature, not interested in just the components of nature individually but especially in how the parts interact. Ecology is divided into physiological ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystems ecology,toxicity testing.

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Occupational toxicology

Occupational toxicology deals with the chemicals found in the workplace. The major emphasis of occupational toxicology is to identify the agents of concern, identify the acute and chronic diseases that they cause, define the conditions under which they may be used safely, and prevent absorption of harmful amounts of these chemicals. Occupational toxicologists may also define and carry out programs for the surveillance of exposed workers and the environment in which they work. To evaluate the risks of adverse health effects from chemicals, one must be aware of the routes of entry into the body, duration of exposure, toxicity of the chemical, exposure limits, and odor threshold of the chemicals and microfluidic 3D hepatocyte chip for drug toxicity testing.

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Regulatory Toxicology

Regulatory Toxicology encompasses the collection, processing and evaluation of epidemiological as well as experimental toxicology data to permit toxicologically based decisions directed towards the protection of health against harmful effects of chemical substances and species selection in drug toxicity testing. Furthermore, Regulatory Toxicology supports the development of standard protocols and new toxicity testing methods in order to continuously improve the scientific basis for decision-making processes. The objective of the Working Group 'Regulatory Toxicology' within the Section of Toxicology of the 'German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT)', is the transparent discussion and further development of the scientific principles of Regulatory Toxicology. Present methodologies for risk assessment should be evaluated with the objective of finding harmonised standards and accute toxicity testing.

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Aquatic Toxicology

Toxicity of chemicals in water can be tested with aquatic animals as indicators. Toxicity testing with aquatic animals are mainly concerned with direct uptake from water to prevent accute toxicity testing. The chemicals may be in solution, in suspension or both. Aquatic organisms have played important roles as early warning and monitoring systems for pollutant burdens in our environment. However, they have significant potential to do even more, just as they have in basic biology where preparations like the squid axon have been essential tools in establishing physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Aquatic Toxicology deals with the mechanisms of toxicity and the responses to toxic agents in aquatic environments at the community, species, tissue, cellular, subcellular and molecular levels, including aspects of uptake, metabolism and excretion of toxicants. The aquatic testing includes accute toxicity testing and repeated dose toxicity to fresh water fish, acute immobilization and reproduction studies on Daphnia magna and effects on algal growth inhibition.

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Environmental Stressors

Stressors that are found in our surroundings are called environmental stressors. Four types of Environmental Stressors have been identified. They are Cataclysmic events, Stressful life events, Daily Hassles and Ambient Stressors. Cataclysmic events are sudden catastrophic events affects whole communities of people. Stressful life events are major incidents in the lives of the people that typically require personal or social adaptive response. Daily Hassles are the typical events of ordinary life that may cause frustration, hypertension or irritation. Ambient Stressors are continuous, relatively stable and intractable conditions of physical environment management. Many ambient stressors are unnoticed until they interfere with life and accute toxicity testing.

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Environmental Sciences

Pollutants ranging from simple inorganic ions to complex organic molecules. The water pollutants are all divided up into various classes. Every class of pollutants has its own specific ways of entering the environment and its own specific dangers. All classes have major pollutants in it that are known to many people, because of the various health effects with out food toxicity testing. The use of chemicals has increased dramatically due to the economic development in various sectors including industry, agriculture and transport. As a consequence, children are exposed to a large number of chemicals of both natural and man-made origin. Chemicals may have immediate, acute effects, as well as chronic effects, often resulting from long-term exposures.

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Global Warming

Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that global warming is being caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities.

Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay long-term trends and can temporarily mask them. The relative stability in surface temperature from 2002 to 2009, which has been dubbed the global warming hiatus by the media and some scientists, is consistent with such an episode. Recent updates to account for differing methods of measuring ocean surface temperature measurements show a significant positive trend over the recent decade.

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Risk Assessment

Risk assessment mainly deals with identification of hazards, analyzing and evaluating the risks associated even with out following the food toxicity testing. The appropriate ways to curb or to control the hazards is also studied. The General Approaches to Risk assessment involves techniques help in creating awareness regarding the different potential hazards, identifying the people who pose the major risk due to the biohazards; formulate the control measures and prioritizing the hazards and control measures. The methods of hazard control can be mainly categorized under Elimination which also includes substitution, Environmental Engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. Risk Assessment involves a lot of documentation such as hazard review, risks associated with the hazards, control measures implemented accordingly.

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Cancer Risk Assessment

A dose-response relationship describes how the likelihood and severity of adverse health effects (the responses) are related to the amount and condition of exposure to an agent (the dose provided). The shape of the dose-response relationship depends on the agent, the kind of response (tumor, incidence of disease, death etc.), and the experimental subject (human, animal) in question. For example, there may be one relationship for a response such as ‘weight loss’ and a different relationship for another response such as 'death'. The toxicity and exposure assessments are summarized and integrated into quantitative and qualitative expressions of risk. To characterize potential non carcinogenic effects, comparisons are made between projected intakes of substances and toxicity values; to characterize potential carcinogenic effects, probabilities that an individual will develop cancer over a lifetime of exposure are estimated from projected intakes and chemical-specific dose-response information. Major assumptions, scientific judgments, and to the extent possible, estimates of the uncertainties embodied in the assessment are also presented  and importance of species selection in drug toxicity testing.

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Environmental Hazardous Waste Management

In most developed countries, domestic waste disposal is funded from a national or local tax which may be related to income, or notional house value. Commercial and industrial waste disposal is typically charged for as a commercial service, often as an integrated charge which includes disposal costs. This practice may encourage disposal contractors to opt for the cheapest disposal option such as landfill rather than the environmentally best solution such as re-use and recycling to prevent from Environmental Toxicology.

In some areas such as Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate in vitro drug toxicity testing.

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Mitigation Measures

Proposals for mitigation measures should be accompanied with an implementation programme together with all detailed treatment, elevations and landscape in scaled plans and drawings. A rescue plan, when required, may involve preservation of an archaeological site "by record", i.e. through excavation to extract the maximum data; full historical, cartographical, photographic and photogrammetric records of a historical building; re-erection of a stone tablet in a suitable amenities plot.

The programme for conducting and undertaking the agreed mitigation measures should be able to be implemented. In particular, to define and list out clearly the proposed mitigation measures to be implemented; by whom, when, where, to what requirements these measures are to be implemented; and the various implementation responsibilities. A comprehensive plan and programme for the protection and conservation of a partially preserved site of cultural heritage, if any, during construction stage of the proposed project must be detailed. 

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